Avaliação da exatidão geométrica de processo de manufatura aditiva
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Dentre as formas de se propagar uma nova tecnologia destaca-se a abordagem sob aspectos que descrevem o desempenho de seus processos. Factualmente, padrões de referência com rastreabilidade metrológica são utilizados para avaliar as capacidades e limitações dos mesmos, bem como a comparação de suas performances. A fundamental importância destes padrões está atrelada em auxiliar a garantia da qualidade em prol do atendimento dos requisitos e funcionalidades do projeto requerido. Desde a década de 90, diversos padrões de teste vêm sendo estudados e criados para manufatura aditiva, porém atualmente ainda não existem padrões certificados. A organização global ASTM e outras entidades tem unido esforços para acelerar a criação de normas técnicas necessárias para a indústria de manufatura aditiva, objetivando aproximar algumas tecnologias da MA ao setor seriado, por exemplo. Neste trabalho, buscou-se apresentar uma contextualização sobre a exatidão geométrica dos processos MA, além de uma abordagem geral sobre os processos de fabricação MA conforme a norma ISO/ASTM 52900:2015, reunindo informações potenciais e limitantes. Após realizar um breve estudo de revisão de alguns padrões existentes, selecionou-se as características geométricas que explorassem a precisão cinemática de duas impressoras de processo FDM. Para isso, um novo modelo de padrão de teste foi criado em material PLA. Para a verificação da qualidade geométricas das peças impressas, utilizou-se uma máquina de medir por coordenadas do laboratório de metrologia do Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina. Estratégias de medições foram realizadas, bem como os resultados foram coletados e interpretados. Onde as características geométricas avaliadas abordaram erros de forma, orientação e localização. Já as características dimensionais foram estudadas por meio de elementos de tamanhos, diâmetros e pelo cálculo do erro do desvio de posição. A máquina cartesiana apresentou um maior erro de forma, vinculado a circularidade e um maior desvio de paralelismo, relacionado a orientação. Já a impressora de cinemática delta, apresentou um erro de circularidade, cilindricidade e concentricidade de três, cinco e sete vezes maiores que a cartesiana, respectivamente. Além disso, os erros de perpendicularidade e sobretudo, o de concentricidade obtiveram valores influenciados pela temperatura do cabeçote na deposição do material e outros fatores, explanados neste trabalho. Por fim, através das características dimensionais foi possível definir isoladamente os índices de CP e CPk, onde a cartesiana apresentou apenas 18% e a delta 15% de aprovação.
Among the ways to propagate a new technology, we highlight the approach to aspects that describe the performance of its processes. Reference standards with metrological traceability are used to assess their capabilities and limitations, as well as the comparison of their performance. The fundamental importance of these standards is linked to quality assurance assistance in order to meet the requirements and functionalities of the required project. Since the 1990s, several test standards have been studied and created for additive manufacturing, but currently there are no certified standards yet. The global ASTM organization and other entities have joined forces to accelerate the creation of technical standards needed by the additive manufacturing industry to bring some MA technologies closer to the serial industry, for example. In this work, we present a contextualization about the geometric accuracy of the MA processes, as well as a general approach on the manufacturing processes MA according to ISO / ASTM 52900: 2015, gathering potential and limiting information. After performing a brief review of some existing standards, we selected the geometric characteristics that exploited the kinematic accuracy of two FDM process printers. For this, a new test artifact template was created in PLA material. For the verification of the geometric quality of the printed pieces, a machine was used to measure by coordinates of the metrology laboratory of the Federal Institute of Santa Catarina. Measurement strategies were performed, as well as the results were collected and interpreted. Where the evaluated geometric characteristics approached errors of form, orientation and location. Already the dimensional characteristics were studied by means of elements of sizes, diameters and by the calculation of the error of the position deviation. The Cartesian machine presented a larger shape error, linked to circularity and a greater parallelism deviation, related to orientation. The delta kinematic printer, on the other hand, presented a circularity, cylindricity and concentricity error of three, five and seven times greater than the Cartesian, respectively. In addition, the perpendicularity and especially the concentricity errors obtained values influenced by the head temperature in the material deposition and other factors, explained in this work. Finally, through the dimensional characteristics it was possible to define separately the CP and CPk indices, where the Cartesian presented only 18% and the delta 15% of approval.
Among the ways to propagate a new technology, we highlight the approach to aspects that describe the performance of its processes. Reference standards with metrological traceability are used to assess their capabilities and limitations, as well as the comparison of their performance. The fundamental importance of these standards is linked to quality assurance assistance in order to meet the requirements and functionalities of the required project. Since the 1990s, several test standards have been studied and created for additive manufacturing, but currently there are no certified standards yet. The global ASTM organization and other entities have joined forces to accelerate the creation of technical standards needed by the additive manufacturing industry to bring some MA technologies closer to the serial industry, for example. In this work, we present a contextualization about the geometric accuracy of the MA processes, as well as a general approach on the manufacturing processes MA according to ISO / ASTM 52900: 2015, gathering potential and limiting information. After performing a brief review of some existing standards, we selected the geometric characteristics that exploited the kinematic accuracy of two FDM process printers. For this, a new test artifact template was created in PLA material. For the verification of the geometric quality of the printed pieces, a machine was used to measure by coordinates of the metrology laboratory of the Federal Institute of Santa Catarina. Measurement strategies were performed, as well as the results were collected and interpreted. Where the evaluated geometric characteristics approached errors of form, orientation and location. Already the dimensional characteristics were studied by means of elements of sizes, diameters and by the calculation of the error of the position deviation. The Cartesian machine presented a larger shape error, linked to circularity and a greater parallelism deviation, related to orientation. The delta kinematic printer, on the other hand, presented a circularity, cylindricity and concentricity error of three, five and seven times greater than the Cartesian, respectively. In addition, the perpendicularity and especially the concentricity errors obtained values influenced by the head temperature in the material deposition and other factors, explained in this work. Finally, through the dimensional characteristics it was possible to define separately the CP and CPk indices, where the Cartesian presented only 18% and the delta 15% of approval.
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FERNANDES, Ramon Packer. Avaliação da exatidão geométrica de processo de manufatura aditiva. 2019. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Bacharelado em Engenharia Mecatrônica) – Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 2019
