Levantamento da regulamentação do serviço de suprimento de última instância nos mercados liberalizados
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A energia elétrica é essencial para o cotidiano da população, representando entre 5% e 10% da renda familiar, podendo ser ainda maior dependendo do tipo de consumidor. A liberalização do mercado de energia elétrica tem proporcionado redução nos custos e melhoria na qualidade do fornecimento, impulsionada pela concorrência entre fornecedores. No entanto, essa abertura também traz desafios, especialmente no que diz respeito à segurança no suprimento de energia. Um dos principais riscos enfrentados pelos consumidores livres é a possibilidade de falência do fornecedor, o que pode comprometer o fornecimento de energia. Para mitigar esse risco, mercados liberalizados regularam o serviço de Suprimento de Última Instância (SUI), que designa agentes responsáveis para garantir o suprimento de energia elétrica aos consumidores livres. No levantamento efetuado em 74 mercados de energia elétrica, pode-se observar que o serviço de SUI foi regulamentado em cerca de 82% dos mercados totalmente liberalizados e em 21% dos mercados parcialmente liberalizados. Nos mercados sem essa regulamentação, presume-se a existência de outros mecanismos para assegurar o suprimento contínuo de energia aos consumidores livres. Como exemplo, cita-se o Brasil, em que não há uma regulamentação específica para o serviço de SUI, mas há alternativas para essa questão, que podem ser ineficazes e/ou onerosas em momentos de crise, gerando incertezas e potenciais disputas jurídicas entre os agentes do setor. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho destaca a necessidade de uma regulamentação específica para o serviço de SUI, que estabeleça regras claras sobre responsabilidades, remuneração e riscos envolvidos. A regulamentação possibilita promover um ambiente de mercado mais seguro e confiável, tanto para consumidores quanto para fornecedores, além de reduzir possíveis conflitos e judicializações.
Electric energy is essential for the daily lives of the population, accounting for between 5% and 10% of household income, and can be even higher depending on the type of consumer. The liberalization of the electricity market has led to cost reductions and improvements in the quality of supply, driven by competition among suppliers. However, this openness also brings challenges, particularly regarding energy supply security. One of the main risks faced by free consumers is the possibility of supplier bankruptcy, which can compromise the energy supply. To mitigate this risk, liberalized markets have regulated the Last Resort Supply (LRS) service, which designates responsible agents to ensure the supply of electricity to free consumers. In a survey conducted across 74 electricity markets, it was observed that the LRS service was regulated in approximately 82% of fully liberalized markets and in 21% of partially liberalized markets. In markets without such regulation, it is presumed that other mechanisms exist to ensure a continuous energy supply to free consumers. For example, Brazil is cited as a case where there is no specific regulation for the LRS service, but alternatives exist to address this issue, which may be ineffective and/or costly during crises, leading to uncertainties and potential legal disputes among sector agents. In this context, this study highlights the need for specific regulation of the LRS service, establishing clear rules on responsibilities, remuneration, and risks involved. Regulation can promote a safer and more reliable market environment for both consumers and suppliers, while also reducing potential conflicts and legal disputes.
Electric energy is essential for the daily lives of the population, accounting for between 5% and 10% of household income, and can be even higher depending on the type of consumer. The liberalization of the electricity market has led to cost reductions and improvements in the quality of supply, driven by competition among suppliers. However, this openness also brings challenges, particularly regarding energy supply security. One of the main risks faced by free consumers is the possibility of supplier bankruptcy, which can compromise the energy supply. To mitigate this risk, liberalized markets have regulated the Last Resort Supply (LRS) service, which designates responsible agents to ensure the supply of electricity to free consumers. In a survey conducted across 74 electricity markets, it was observed that the LRS service was regulated in approximately 82% of fully liberalized markets and in 21% of partially liberalized markets. In markets without such regulation, it is presumed that other mechanisms exist to ensure a continuous energy supply to free consumers. For example, Brazil is cited as a case where there is no specific regulation for the LRS service, but alternatives exist to address this issue, which may be ineffective and/or costly during crises, leading to uncertainties and potential legal disputes among sector agents. In this context, this study highlights the need for specific regulation of the LRS service, establishing clear rules on responsibilities, remuneration, and risks involved. Regulation can promote a safer and more reliable market environment for both consumers and suppliers, while also reducing potential conflicts and legal disputes.
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ROCHA, Danyelle Bemfica da. Levantamento da regulamentação do serviço de suprimento de última instância nos mercados liberalizados. 2025. Dissertação (Mestrado Profissional em Sistemas de Energia Elétrica) – Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 2025.
