Avaliação dos impactos causados por limitações arbitradas de potência ativa em plantas eolioelétricas: um estudo de caso inferencial, descritivo e bayesiano
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Por decorrência do aumento dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE), as mudanças climáticas se mostram cada vez mais preocupantes para os países e os motivaram a reduzir suas emissões de GEE e atingir o net zero até 2050, conforme estabelecido no Acordo de Paris. Muitos países, principalmente da Europa, buscam cada vez mais novas tecnologias associadas à produção de energia elétrica, cujo modo de produção tem grande impacto na redução do aquecimento global. Porém, a descarbonização do setor energético, principalmente por consequência da produção de energia elétrica através de fontes renováveis, como, eólica e solar, tem evoluído rapidamente com os incentivos para o investimento desses empreendimentos. Isso provocou um descasamento entre a produção de geração de energia elétrica e o sistema de transporte dessas energias, também devido a característica de rápida implementação de construção que as usinas eólicas e solares possuem, diferentemente da velocidade de implementação do sistema de transmissão, que acontece de forma mais lenta. No Brasil, mesmo com a grande capacidade de armazenamento do sistema interligado, devido à grande representatividade das hidrelétricas no Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN), a insuficiência de margem do escoamento de energia elétrica por linhas de transmissão pode ser condicionada pela celeridade na expansão da geração, fazendo com que os agentes geradores tenham a produção dos seus ativos restringida pelo Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico (ONS), devido às limitações e à necessidade de reforços no sistema de transmissão. Em razão da natureza de imprevisibilidade dos ventos, as usinas eolioelétricas tendem a sofrer essas restrições de geração recorrentemente. Notavelmente, esse não é o único problema que provoca a limitação arbitrada da potência ativa nos parques eolioelétricos, podendo ocorrer também por conta da diferença entre a oferta e a demanda instantânea de energia, sendo estes dois agentes causadores de restrições denominados Curtailment, ou ainda podendo ser causado por falhas nos componentes elétricos do sistema, este último denominado Constrained-off. O ONS visa garantir o suprimento da carga do SIN e prezar por operá-lo de forma segura, e na ocorrência dos casos mencionados, cabe ao ONS limitar a produção de energia elétrica para assegurar a estabilidade do SIN. O trabalho denota um estudo de caso das limitações de geração, de um complexo eólico localizado na Bahia, por meio de ferramentas da estatística inferencial, descritiva e análise bayesiana. As restrições foram analisadas de forma a mapear as perdas na produção de energia elétrica provocadas por Curtailment e Constrained-off, e apontar possíveis alternativas para o aproveitamento dessa energia restringida, com o objetivo de reduzir impactos ao agente gerador eólico.
Due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), climate change is becoming increasingly concerning for countries, prompting them to reduce their GHG emissions and achieve net zero by 2050, as established in the Paris Agreement. Many countries, mainly in Europe, are increasingly seeking new technologies associated with electricity production, the mode of which has a significant impact on reducing global warming. However, the decarbonization of the energy sector, primarily due to electricity production from renewable sources such as wind and solar, has rapidly evolved with incentives for investment in these ventures. This has led to a mismatch between electricity generation and the transmission system, also due to the rapid construction implementation characteristic of wind and solar power plants, unlike the slower pace of transmission system implementation. In Brazil, despite the large storage capacity of the interconnected system, given the significant representation of hydroelectric power plants in the National Interconnected System (SIN), the insufficiency of the electricity flow through transmission lines can be constrained by the speed of expansion of electricity generation. As a result, generating agents may have their asset production restricted by the National Electric System Operator (ONS) due to transmission system limitations and the need for reinforcements. Because of the unpredictable nature of winds, wind power plants tend to experience these generation restrictions frequently. Notably, this is not the only issue that causes arbitrary limitation of active power in wind power plants; it can also occur due to the difference between instantaneous energy supply and demand, both of which are agents causing restrictions known as Curtailment. Additionally, restrictions can be caused by faults in the electrical components of the system, the latter known as Constrained-off. The ONS aims to ensure the supply of SIN's load and operate it safely. In the occurrence of the mentioned cases, it is the responsibility of the ONS to limit electricity production to ensure SIN's stability. This study presents a case study of generation constraints in a wind complex located in Bahia, using inferential statistics, descriptive analysis, and Bayesian analysis tools. The restrictions were analyzed to map the losses in electricity production caused by Curtailment and Constrained-off and to identify possible alternatives for utilizing this restricted energy, with the aim of reducing impacts on the wind generating agent
Due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), climate change is becoming increasingly concerning for countries, prompting them to reduce their GHG emissions and achieve net zero by 2050, as established in the Paris Agreement. Many countries, mainly in Europe, are increasingly seeking new technologies associated with electricity production, the mode of which has a significant impact on reducing global warming. However, the decarbonization of the energy sector, primarily due to electricity production from renewable sources such as wind and solar, has rapidly evolved with incentives for investment in these ventures. This has led to a mismatch between electricity generation and the transmission system, also due to the rapid construction implementation characteristic of wind and solar power plants, unlike the slower pace of transmission system implementation. In Brazil, despite the large storage capacity of the interconnected system, given the significant representation of hydroelectric power plants in the National Interconnected System (SIN), the insufficiency of the electricity flow through transmission lines can be constrained by the speed of expansion of electricity generation. As a result, generating agents may have their asset production restricted by the National Electric System Operator (ONS) due to transmission system limitations and the need for reinforcements. Because of the unpredictable nature of winds, wind power plants tend to experience these generation restrictions frequently. Notably, this is not the only issue that causes arbitrary limitation of active power in wind power plants; it can also occur due to the difference between instantaneous energy supply and demand, both of which are agents causing restrictions known as Curtailment. Additionally, restrictions can be caused by faults in the electrical components of the system, the latter known as Constrained-off. The ONS aims to ensure the supply of SIN's load and operate it safely. In the occurrence of the mentioned cases, it is the responsibility of the ONS to limit electricity production to ensure SIN's stability. This study presents a case study of generation constraints in a wind complex located in Bahia, using inferential statistics, descriptive analysis, and Bayesian analysis tools. The restrictions were analyzed to map the losses in electricity production caused by Curtailment and Constrained-off and to identify possible alternatives for utilizing this restricted energy, with the aim of reducing impacts on the wind generating agent
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ESPINDOLA, Gean Lucas Rafael. Avaliação dos impactos causados por limitações arbitradas de potência ativa em plantas eolioelétricas: um estudo de caso inferencial, descritivo e bayesiano. 2023. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Bacharelado em Engenharia Elétrica) – Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 2023.
