Análise comparativa dos modelos de mercado liberalizado de energia elétrica no Brasil e em Portugal
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A liberalização dos mercados de energia elétrica tem se consolidado como uma tendência global, impulsionada pela necessidade de maior eficiência, competitividade e inovação no setor. Ao longo das últimas décadas, diversos países passaram de um modelo verticalmente integrado, marcado pelo controle estatal, para uma estrutura desverticalizada, na qual as atividades de geração, transmissão, distribuição e comercialização operam de forma independente. Em Portugal, esse processo foi acelerado pelo alinhamento às diretrizes da União Europeia, resultando na criação de um mercado plenamente liberalizado, com a livre escolha dos fornecedores de energia por parte dos consumidores. No Brasil, a transição ocorre de maneira mais gradual, com a liberalização ainda restrita aos grandes consumidores, enquanto os consumidores residenciais permanecem no mercado regulado. Paralelamente, o avanço das tecnologias de geração distribuída, especialmente a energia solar fotovoltaica, e a adoção de novos modelos organizacionais de geração e consumo de energia, como as comunidades de energia, vêm transformando o setor elétrico, exigindo ajustes nos modelos de mercado para ampliar a participação dos consumidores e viabilizar novas formas de comercialização de energia. Nesse sentido, observa-se que, em Portugal, há uma maior diversidade de modalidades de atuação no contexto apresentado, enquanto o Brasil, ainda enfrenta limitações impostas por barreiras regulatórias. Todavia, devido à grande similaridade na evolução histórica e estrutural de ambos os setores elétricos, os modelos de mercado de energia portugueses podem servir como referência para antecipar uma possível abertura do mercado elétrico brasileiro. Nesse contexto, esta dissertação desenvolve uma análise comparativa entre os modelos de mercado liberalizado de energia elétrica no Brasil e em Portugal, abordando suas evoluções históricas, estruturas organizacionais e os diversos modelos de negócios presentes em cada realidade. Por fim, apresenta-se um estudo de caso com oito cenários de uma instalação residencial com geração fotovoltaica, ilustrando, na prática, como as diferenças regulatórias e estruturais dos dois mercados impactam as oportunidades e desafios enfrentados pelos consumidores.
The liberalization of electricity markets has emerged as a global trend, driven by the need for greater efficiency, competitiveness, and innovation in the sector. Over the past decades, several countries have transitioned from a vertically integrated model, characterized by state control, to a decentralized structure where generation, transmission, distribution, and commercialization operate independently. In Portugal, this process was accelerated by alignment with European Union directives, resulting in the creation of a fully liberalized market, where consumers have the freedom to choose their electricity suppliers. In Brazil, the transition has been more gradual, with liberalization still restricted to large consumers, while residential consumers remain in the regulated market. At the same time, the advancement of distributed generation technologies, particularly solar photovoltaic energy, and the adoption of new organizational models for energy generation and consumption, such as energy communities, have been transforming the electricity sector. These developments require adjustments to market models to increase consumer participation and enable new forms of energy trading. In this regard, Portugal offers a greater diversity of market participation options, while Brazil still faces limitations imposed by regulatory barriers. Nevertheless, given the strong similarities in the historical evolution and structural organization of both electricity sectors, the Portuguese energy market models can serve as a reference for anticipating a potential liberalization of the Brazilian electricity market. In this context, this dissertation presents a comparative analysis of the liberalized electricity market models in Brazil and Portugal, examining their historical developments, organizational structures, and various business models in each scenario. Finally, a case study is presented with eight scenarios of a residential installation with photovoltaic generation, illustrating, in practice, how the regulatory and structural differences between the two markets influence the opportunities and challenges faced by consumers.
The liberalization of electricity markets has emerged as a global trend, driven by the need for greater efficiency, competitiveness, and innovation in the sector. Over the past decades, several countries have transitioned from a vertically integrated model, characterized by state control, to a decentralized structure where generation, transmission, distribution, and commercialization operate independently. In Portugal, this process was accelerated by alignment with European Union directives, resulting in the creation of a fully liberalized market, where consumers have the freedom to choose their electricity suppliers. In Brazil, the transition has been more gradual, with liberalization still restricted to large consumers, while residential consumers remain in the regulated market. At the same time, the advancement of distributed generation technologies, particularly solar photovoltaic energy, and the adoption of new organizational models for energy generation and consumption, such as energy communities, have been transforming the electricity sector. These developments require adjustments to market models to increase consumer participation and enable new forms of energy trading. In this regard, Portugal offers a greater diversity of market participation options, while Brazil still faces limitations imposed by regulatory barriers. Nevertheless, given the strong similarities in the historical evolution and structural organization of both electricity sectors, the Portuguese energy market models can serve as a reference for anticipating a potential liberalization of the Brazilian electricity market. In this context, this dissertation presents a comparative analysis of the liberalized electricity market models in Brazil and Portugal, examining their historical developments, organizational structures, and various business models in each scenario. Finally, a case study is presented with eight scenarios of a residential installation with photovoltaic generation, illustrating, in practice, how the regulatory and structural differences between the two markets influence the opportunities and challenges faced by consumers.
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BRESSIANI, João Pedro Luca. Análise comparativa dos modelos de mercado liberalizado de energia elétrica no Brasil e em Portugal. 2025. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Bacharelado em Engenharia Elétrica) – Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 2025.
