Integração de software CAM em célula robotizada para manufatura aditiva metálica
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Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e a validação de um fluxo digital para in- tegrar o sistema de manufatura auxiliada por computador (Computer-Aided Manufac- turing, CAM) ENCY a uma célula de manufatura aditiva por arco e arame (Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) composta por dois robôs industriais de baixo custo com controladores Betrun. O estudo teve como objetivo permitir o planejamento, a simulação e a execução de trajetórias de deposição, superando a ausência de um pós-processador comercial e a utilização de arquivos proprietários em formato biná- rio. Adotou-se uma metodologia incremental, que envolveu a modelagem da célula virtual, a calibração dos modelos cinemáticos dos manipuladores, o desenvolvimento de um pós-processador personalizado, a implementação de um compilador para os arquivos do controlador e a exploração de estratégias de deposição com um robô re- orientando o substrato e o outro depositando material. A calibração geométrica do modelo cinemático, realizada com 31 pontos de teste por robô, reduziu o erro má- ximo dos modelos dos robôs soldador e manipulador de 4,751 mm para 0,034 mm e para menos de 0,001 mm, respectivamente. O fluxo desenvolvido converteu os dados de trajetória gerados no ambiente CAM em programas executáveis na célula física e possibilitou a fabricação de duas geometrias: um corpo de prova prismático, com di- mensões de 30 × 30 × 2 mm e substrato em posição fixa, e peças helicoidais com distância máxima entre hélices de 200 mm, fabricadas com reorientação do substrato pelo robô manipulador. As peças foram fabricadas por soldagem a arco com gás de proteção (Gas Metal Arc Welding, GMAW), utilizando arame de aço AWS ER70S-6 de diâmetro 1,0 mm como material de adição, chapas de aço ASTM A36 de 1/4 pol como substrato e mistura de 75% de Ar (argônio) e 25% de CO2 (dióxido de carbono) como gás de proteção. O corpo de prova prismático apresentou erros absolutos de 1,07 mm na largura, 0,80 mm no comprimento e 0,36 mm na altura. Nas peças he- licoidais, a revisão das trajetórias e dos parâmetros de soldagem reduziu o excesso de espessura e os defeitos superficiais, embora tenham permanecido desvios geomé- tricos e de posicionamento. Conclui-se que a integração realizada é funcional e cria uma plataforma para futuras pesquisas de manufatura aditiva metálica. No entanto, sua operação ainda depende de conhecimento especializado e de melhorias na cali- bração da célula, sobretudo no posicionamento relativo dos robôs, cujo erro residual máximo foi de ±13,973 mm, bem como no planejamento das trajetórias e na configu- ração das ferramentas.
This work presents the development and validation of a digital workflow for integrat- ing the ENCY computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system into a wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) cell composed of two low-cost industrial robots equipped with Betrun controllers. The study aimed to enable the planning, simulation, and execution of deposition paths while overcoming the lack of a commercial postprocessor and the use of proprietary files in binary format. An incremental methodology was adopted, involving the modeling of the virtual cell, the calibration of the manipulators’ kinematic models, the development of a customized postprocessor, the implementation of a com- piler for the controller files, and the exploration of deposition strategies with one robot reorienting the substrate and the other depositing material. The geometric calibration of the kinematic model, performed using 31 test points for each robot, reduced the maximum error of the welder and manipulator robot models from 4.751 mm to 0.034 mm and to less than 0.001 mm, respectively. The developed workflow converted the path data generated in the CAM environment into programs executable by the physi- cal cell and enabled the manufacturing of two geometries: a prismatic testpiece, with dimensions of 30 × 30 × 2 mm and a fixed substrate position, and helical parts with a maximum distance of 200 mm between blades, manufactured with substrate reori- entation by the manipulator robot. The parts were manufactured using gas metal arc welding (GMAW), with AWS ER70S-6 steel wire of 1.0 mm diameter as filler material, ASTM A36 steel plates of 1/4 in as substrate, and a shielding gas mixture of 75% Ar (argon) and 25% CO2 (carbon dioxide). The prismatic testpiece exhibited absolute errors of 1.07 mm in width, 0.80 mm in length, and 0.36 mm in height. For the helical parts, revising the paths and welding parameters reduced excessive thickness and sur- face defects, although geometric and positioning deviations remained. It is concluded that the proposed integration is functional and provides a platform for future research in metal additive manufacturing. However, its operation still depends on specialized knowledge and on improvements in cell calibration, especially in the relative position- ing of the robots, whose maximum residual error was ±13.973 mm, as well as in path planning and tool configuration.
This work presents the development and validation of a digital workflow for integrat- ing the ENCY computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system into a wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) cell composed of two low-cost industrial robots equipped with Betrun controllers. The study aimed to enable the planning, simulation, and execution of deposition paths while overcoming the lack of a commercial postprocessor and the use of proprietary files in binary format. An incremental methodology was adopted, involving the modeling of the virtual cell, the calibration of the manipulators’ kinematic models, the development of a customized postprocessor, the implementation of a com- piler for the controller files, and the exploration of deposition strategies with one robot reorienting the substrate and the other depositing material. The geometric calibration of the kinematic model, performed using 31 test points for each robot, reduced the maximum error of the welder and manipulator robot models from 4.751 mm to 0.034 mm and to less than 0.001 mm, respectively. The developed workflow converted the path data generated in the CAM environment into programs executable by the physi- cal cell and enabled the manufacturing of two geometries: a prismatic testpiece, with dimensions of 30 × 30 × 2 mm and a fixed substrate position, and helical parts with a maximum distance of 200 mm between blades, manufactured with substrate reori- entation by the manipulator robot. The parts were manufactured using gas metal arc welding (GMAW), with AWS ER70S-6 steel wire of 1.0 mm diameter as filler material, ASTM A36 steel plates of 1/4 in as substrate, and a shielding gas mixture of 75% Ar (argon) and 25% CO2 (carbon dioxide). The prismatic testpiece exhibited absolute errors of 1.07 mm in width, 0.80 mm in length, and 0.36 mm in height. For the helical parts, revising the paths and welding parameters reduced excessive thickness and sur- face defects, although geometric and positioning deviations remained. It is concluded that the proposed integration is functional and provides a platform for future research in metal additive manufacturing. However, its operation still depends on specialized knowledge and on improvements in cell calibration, especially in the relative position- ing of the robots, whose maximum residual error was ±13.973 mm, as well as in path planning and tool configuration.
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KUNER, Eduardo Costa. Integração de software CAM em célula robotizada para manufatura aditiva metálica. 2026. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Bacharelado em Engenharia Mecatrônica) – Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 2026
